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Back to ChaptersChapter 12

Ice Operations

Ice navigation and polar operations — 12 questions

ICE-01

Walk me through this vessel's Polar Ship Certificate — which category (A, B, or C) is it issued under, what ice class notation backs that category, and what does that combination actually permit you to enter operationally?

What the inspector looks for
Objective

Polar Code Certification & Documentation — Polar Ship Certificate & category

What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms the vessel holds a valid Polar Ship Certificate issued following a Polar Water Operational Assessment, establishing SOLAS Ch. XIV / Polar Code Part I-A applicability
  • Establishes the crew understands the practical difference between Category A, B, and C and that the certificate's category matches the ship's actual ice-class notation (e.g., an IACS Polar Class or a national ice class such as Finnish-Swedish IA Super)
  • Checks that officers can translate the certificate's stated operational limitations (ice concentration, ice type, minimum air temperature) into a go/no-go decision, not just quote the category letter
  • Verifies the Polar Ship Certificate has not lapsed and any structural surveys tied to the ice-class notation are current
  • MasterChief Officer2nd Officer
    ICE-02

    Can you show me the Polar Water Operational Manual for this ship, and demonstrate that the Master and officers actually use it to plan an ice transit rather than treating it as a certificate-support document that stays in the drawer?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Polar Code Certification & Documentation — PWOM content & use

    ICE-03

    Before this ship enters any ice-affected area, how do you calculate the Risk Index Outcome, and can you show me a worked example from a recent or planned transit?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Ice Risk Assessment & Voyage Planning — POLARIS risk assessment

    ICE-04

    Talk me through how you build the ice-affected portion of a passage plan — where do your ice charts and forecasts come from, how current are they, and how do they translate into your intended track?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Ice Risk Assessment & Voyage Planning — Ice chart voyage planning

    ICE-05

    For this transit, what's your point of no return, and what specific conditions would trigger you to turn back or divert rather than press on?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Ice Risk Assessment & Voyage Planning — Points of no return

    ICE-06

    Can you produce Basic and Advanced Polar Water Operations training certificates for the Master and each deck watchkeeping officer, and confirm they match what this ship's Polar Ship Certificate category actually requires?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Polar Crew Competency & Ice Navigation — STCW V/4 polar training

    ICE-07

    Under what circumstances would this company put an ice advisor or ice pilot aboard, and how is that person actually integrated into the bridge team rather than just consulted from the side?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Polar Crew Competency & Ice Navigation — Ice advisor integration

    ICE-08

    Walk me through how this ship's speed is adjusted for the ice actually being encountered, your policy on ramming or backing-and-ramming, and how you maintain station behind an icebreaker during an escorted transit.

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Polar Crew Competency & Ice Navigation — Speed, ramming, escort transit

    ICE-09

    Show me this ship's winterization checklist — heat tracing, deck machinery protection, ballast tank freezing prevention, accommodation heating, and how you're set up to physically remove ice accretion before it becomes a stability concern.

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Winterization & Deck Preparedness — Winterization & ice accretion

    ICE-10

    How does the engine room manage sea chest icing and cooling water supply in ice, what changes for fuel and lube oil in sustained low temperature, and what's your process for checking the hull and propeller for ice damage afterward?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Machinery Preparedness & Hull Integrity — Machinery prep & hull checks

    ICE-11

    If you had to anchor or moor this ship in freezing conditions right now, what would you do differently for the mooring lines, windlass brakes, and anchor handling compared to a normal port operation?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    Machinery Preparedness & Hull Integrity — Anchoring/mooring in freezing

    ICE-12

    If someone went into the water on this transit, is their immersion suit actually rated for this water temperature, is the liferaft winterized for it, and once you're outside normal satellite coverage, how do you actually raise help?

    What the inspector looks for
    Objective

    High-Latitude Survival & Communications — Cold-water survival & comms

    Chapter 11
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms a ship-specific Polar Water Operational Manual is carried onboard as required by Polar Code Part I-A Ch. 2, tailored to this vessel's structure, machinery, and equipment rather than a generic template
  • Establishes the PWOM cross-references the operational limitations on the Polar Ship Certificate (ice type/concentration, minimum temperature) in terms the bridge team can apply in real time
  • Checks that officers can locate specific PWOM guidance for a scenario, such as loss of propulsion in ice or an unplanned entry into ice exceeding the certified limitation
  • Verifies the manual is reviewed and updated after any modification affecting polar capability, such as a machinery change or structural repair
  • MasterChief Officer2nd Officer
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms the vessel applies IMO's Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS) methodology, combining the ship's ice-class risk index values with the ice type/concentration read from current ice charts
  • Establishes officers understand what a negative Risk Index Outcome (RIO) means operationally — elevated risk requiring the Master's special consideration, versus a RIO below the operational limit meaning the transit should not proceed as planned
  • Checks that the risk assessment is a documented, ship-specific calculation rather than a general statement that ice conditions were assessed
  • Verifies the assessment is repeated as ice conditions change during the transit, not performed once before departure and forgotten
  • MasterChief Officer2nd Officer
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms voyage planning through ice-affected waters incorporates the Polar Code's additional planning requirements under Part I-A Ch. 11, beyond standard SOLAS V/34 passage planning
  • Establishes recognized ice information sources are used, such as national ice services, satellite-derived ice charts, or a routing provider's forecast, and their age/currency is checked before use
  • Checks that the intended track accounts for known ice edge movement and forecast ice drift, with alternative routing available if conditions worsen
  • Verifies the passage plan identifies contingency actions if actual ice conditions differ materially from forecast
  • MasterChief Officer2nd Officer
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Establishes the passage plan identifies pre-determined decision points, or points of no return, beyond which continuing becomes the safer option than reversing course, consistent with Polar Code voyage-planning intent under Part I-A Ch. 11
  • Confirms objective trigger criteria exist, such as RIO dropping below the operational limit, fuel/endurance reserves, deteriorating visibility, or confirmed heavier ice than forecast, rather than a subjective judgment made in the moment
  • Checks that the Master and OOWs on watch during the ice transit all know where the current point of no return is and what the abort criteria are before the ship reaches it
  • Verifies contingency plans exist for what happens after an abort decision, including alternate anchorage, return route, and fuel/endurance to execute it
  • MasterChief Officer2nd Officer
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms compliance with STCW Reg V/4 and STCW Code Section A-V/4, which set mandatory minimum training for bridge officers serving aboard vessels that enter polar waters
  • Establishes the distinction between Basic Polar Water training, required for the Master, Chief Officer and watchkeepers of any vessel entering polar waters covered by the Polar Code, and Advanced Polar Water training, required for the Master and Chief Officer of any ship trading into Category A or B waters
  • Checks that the level of training held, basic or advanced, matches the vessel's actual Polar Ship Certificate category and operating area
  • Verifies certificates are current and, where the Administration requires periodic refresher training, that this has been completed
  • MasterChief Officer2nd Officer
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Establishes the company's policy for engaging an ice advisor or ice pilot when the Master's own polar experience, the vessel's ice class, or the forecast ice severity warrant additional expertise, since the Polar Code itself does not mandate one in every case
  • Confirms that when an ice advisor is aboard, their role, authority, and communication protocol with the Master are defined in advance, with command authority and responsibility remaining with the Master
  • Checks that the ice advisor is genuinely incorporated into passage planning and bridge team briefings, not treated as a passenger consulted informally
  • Verifies a handover/briefing occurs between the ice advisor and bridge watchkeepers at each watch change during the ice transit
  • MasterChief Officer
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms speed in ice is reduced and continually reassessed against ice type/concentration and the ship's ice-class limitations, rather than held at a fixed passage speed regardless of conditions
  • Establishes a clear company/bridge policy against deliberate ramming or backing-and-ramming manoeuvres on a non-icebreaking hull, given the structural risk this poses to a ship not designed for it
  • Checks understanding of icebreaker escort protocol — agreed following distance, a dedicated VHF working channel, and the convoy/station-keeping instructions issued by the icebreaker's master, since falling too far back risks the broken channel re-freezing
  • Verifies contingency actions are known if contact with the escorting icebreaker is lost or the ship becomes beset
  • MasterChief Officer2nd Officer
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms a documented winterization program covers heat tracing of exposed piping/instrumentation, protection of deck machinery such as the windlass, mooring winches, and valve actuators from freezing, and prevention of ballast tank freezing in way of the waterline
  • Establishes accommodation and machinery space heating is adequate and monitored, since crew habitability directly affects safe operation in sustained low temperature
  • Checks that de-icing equipment, such as mallets, wooden or plastic beaters, or steam lances, is provisioned, positioned for practical use, and crew are briefed on manual de-icing procedures
  • Verifies the vessel has a procedure for monitoring topside ice accretion and understands the stability impact, including when accumulated ice requires active removal rather than being left to melt
  • MasterChief OfficerBosun
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms a procedure exists for clearing or preventing ice blockage of sea chests, including use of a recirculation line from the cooling system to keep the sea chest ice-free, per the machinery installation requirements of Polar Code Part I-A Ch. 6
  • Establishes fuel and lubricating oil arrangements account for low ambient temperature — cold-flow properties, pour point margins, and any heating/tracing needed to keep fuel usable
  • Checks awareness of which cooling water strategy is in use, such as low sea suction, recirculation, or a dedicated ice-condition sea chest, and why it's matched to the vessel's actual arrangement
  • Verifies a post-transit inspection procedure for hull plating, especially at the waterline/ice belt, and propeller/rudder for ice-contact damage, with a clear reporting path if damage is found
  • Chief Engineer2nd Engineer3rd Engineer
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Establishes crew awareness that mooring lines and wires accumulate ice and take on significant added weight and reduced flexibility, changing safe handling procedures and increasing snap-back risk
  • Confirms windlass and mooring winch brakes are checked for ice interference and that brake holding capacity is understood to be potentially reduced by ice-stiffened line, not assumed unchanged from normal conditions
  • Checks that anchor and cable are inspected and cleared of ice before letting go or heaving in, avoiding damage to the windlass or an uncontrolled cable run
  • Verifies a procedure exists for periodically clearing ice from lines and wires already made fast, rather than leaving them to build up ice over an extended freezing-weather port stay
  • Chief OfficerBosunAble Seaman
    What the Inspector Expects
  • Confirms immersion suits and other survival equipment carried are suitable for the water/air temperatures actually expected on the polar transit, not just the baseline thermal protection assumed for temperate trading
  • Establishes liferafts intended for use in the operating area are winterized, with appropriate hydrostatic release/inflation performance and survival pack contents for low temperature, per Polar Code life-saving appliance requirements
  • Checks the bridge team's understanding of GMDSS Sea Area A4 limitations at high latitudes, where INMARSAT coverage becomes unreliable and communication instead depends on HF and Cospas-Sarsat, and that the equipment fitted actually supports this
  • Verifies drills or briefings specifically address cold-water survival time expectations and realistic rescue timelines given the communication constraints
  • MasterChief Officerall crew